What is Sciatica?
Sciatica, a common condition encountered in outpatient physical therapy clinics, refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from the lower back through the hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of the body and is often caused by a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine, or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) that compresses part of the nerve. This can cause inflammation, pain, and often some numbness in the affected leg. Common symptoms include lower back pain, pain in the rear or leg that is worse when sitting, hip pain, burning or tingling down the leg, weakness, numbness, or difficulty moving the leg or foot, and a constant pain on one side of the rear.
Physical Therapy for Sciatica
Physical therapy is a key component in the management of sciatica. The goal of physical therapy is to help find pain relief, improve flexibility, and strengthen the muscles supporting the lower back. Treatment often begins with education on proper body mechanics and posture to relieve sciatic nerve pressure. Initial interventions may include gentle exercises to reduce nerve irritation, especially stretching exercises that target muscles causing pain when they are tight and inflexible. Strengthening exercises are gradually introduced to bolster the support around the lower back and improve spinal alignment. Modalities such as heat therapy, ice packs, and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) can also be used to alleviate pain.
In addition to in-clinic treatment, physical therapists often prescribe a regimen of at-home exercises and stretches to continue improving flexibility and strength. They may also advise on modifications to daily activities to avoid movements that may aggravate the sciatic nerve. Ergonomic and lifestyle modifications are crucial for long-term management. For example, advice on proper lifting techniques, sitting postures, and appropriate footwear can be significant in preventing sciatica flare-ups. With a comprehensive and patient-specific approach, physical therapy can effectively manage sciatica symptoms, enabling patients to return to their normal activities with reduced pain and increased function.